Which retirement account should I contribute to first?

The typical priority order is: 1) 401(k) up to the employer match (free money), 2) HSA if eligible (triple tax advantage), 3) Roth IRA if income-eligible, 4) Back to 401(k) to max out, 5) Taxable brokerage account. If you're self-employed, a Solo 401(k) or SEP IRA may let you save even more.

Can I contribute to both a 401(k) and an IRA?

Yes, you can contribute to both. However, if you (or your spouse) have a workplace retirement plan and your income exceeds certain thresholds, your traditional IRA contributions may not be tax-deductible. You can always contribute to a Roth IRA if your income is below the limit ($161,000 single, $240,000 married in 2026), or use the backdoor Roth strategy.

What is the best retirement account for tax-free growth?

The HSA is technically the best for tax-free growth because it offers a triple tax benefit: tax-deductible contributions, tax-free growth, and tax-free withdrawals for medical expenses. The Roth IRA is second—contributions are after-tax, but growth and qualified withdrawals are completely tax-free with no required minimum distributions.

Retirement Account Comparison: 401(k) vs IRA vs Roth vs HSA (2026)

Choosing the right mix of retirement accounts can save you tens of thousands in taxes over your lifetime. Here’s how every major retirement account compares on contribution limits, tax treatment, and withdrawal rules for 2026.

Master Comparison Table

Feature	Traditional 401(k)	Roth 401(k)	Traditional IRA	Roth IRA	HSA	SEP IRA	Solo 401(k)
2026 contribution limit	$23,500	$23,500	$7,000	$7,000	$4,300 (self) / $8,550 (family)	$70,000 or 25% of comp	$70,000 total
Catch-up (50+)	+$7,500	+$7,500	+$1,000	+$1,000	+$1,000 (55+)	N/A	+$7,500
Tax on contributions	Tax-deductible	After-tax	Tax-deductible*	After-tax	Tax-deductible	Tax-deductible	Tax-deductible or Roth
Tax on growth	Tax-deferred	Tax-free	Tax-deferred	Tax-free	Tax-free	Tax-deferred	Tax-deferred or free
Tax on withdrawals	Ordinary income	Tax-free	Ordinary income	Tax-free	Tax-free (medical)	Ordinary income	Depends on contribution type
Income limit	None	None	Deduction phases out	$161K (S) / $240K (MFJ)	Must have HDHP	Must have self-employment income	Must have self-employment income
Employer match	Yes	Yes	No	No	Some employers	Employer contributes	You are employer
RMDs	Age 73/75	Age 73/75**	Age 73/75	None	None	Age 73/75	Age 73/75
Early withdrawal penalty	10% before 59½	10% on earnings before 59½	10% before 59½	None on contributions	20% for non-medical before 65	10% before 59½	10% before 59½

*Deduction may be limited if covered by workplace plan. **Roth 401(k) RMDs can be avoided by rolling to Roth IRA.

2026 Contribution Limits Summary

Account	Under 50	Age 50-59 / 64+	Age 60-63 (Super Catch-Up)
401(k) / 403(b) / 457(b)	$23,500	$31,000	$34,750
Traditional IRA	$7,000	$8,000	$8,000
Roth IRA	$7,000	$8,000	$8,000
HSA (self-only)	$4,300	$5,300	$5,300
HSA (family)	$8,550	$9,550	$9,550
SEP IRA	Up to $70,000	Up to $70,000	Up to $70,000
Solo 401(k)	Up to $70,000	Up to $77,500	Up to $81,250
SIMPLE IRA	$16,500	$20,000	$21,750

Tax Treatment Comparison

Contribution Phase

Account	Tax Benefit	Best If You Expect…
Traditional 401(k)	Reduces taxable income today	To be in a lower tax bracket in retirement
Roth 401(k)	No tax break today	To be in the same or higher bracket in retirement
Traditional IRA	Reduces taxable income (if eligible)	To be in a lower bracket later
Roth IRA	No tax break today	Higher bracket later OR want flexibility
HSA	Reduces taxable income (+ no FICA)	Medical expenses now or in retirement

Withdrawal Phase

Account	Age 59½+ Withdrawals	Before 59½	RMD Rules
Traditional 401(k)	Taxed as ordinary income	10% penalty + income tax	Start at 73 or 75
Roth 401(k)	Tax-free (if 5-year rule met)	10% penalty on earnings	Required (roll to Roth IRA to avoid)
Traditional IRA	Taxed as ordinary income	10% penalty + income tax	Start at 73 or 75
Roth IRA	Tax-free (if qualified)	Contributions any time; earnings penalized	None during your lifetime
HSA	Tax-free for medical; taxed for non-medical	20% penalty + tax for non-medical	None

Account Priority Order

Recommended Savings Priority

Priority	Action	Why
1	401(k) up to employer match	Free money (50-100% return instantly)
2	HSA (if eligible)	Triple tax advantage—best tax-advantaged account
3	Roth IRA (if income-eligible)	Tax-free growth, no RMDs, flexible withdrawals
4	401(k) above match to max	Additional tax-deferred growth
5	Backdoor Roth IRA	If over Roth IRA income limit
6	Mega backdoor Roth	If plan allows after-tax contributions
7	Taxable brokerage account	No limits, flexible, favorable capital gains rates
8	529 plan	If you have education expenses to fund

Maximum Possible Tax-Advantaged Savings (2026, Under 50)

Account	Maximum
401(k)	$23,500
Roth IRA	$7,000
HSA (family)	$8,550
Mega backdoor Roth (if available)	~$39,000
Total potential	$78,050

Self-Employed Retirement Accounts

SEP IRA vs Solo 401(k) vs SIMPLE IRA

Feature	SEP IRA	Solo 401(k)	SIMPLE IRA
Who can use	Self-employed, small business	Self-employed, no employees	Small businesses (≤100 employees)
Max contribution (2026)	$70,000 or 25% of net SE income	$70,000 (employee + employer)	$16,500 + employer match
Employee contributions	No (employer only)	Yes ($23,500)	Yes ($16,500)
Roth option	No	Yes	Yes (starting 2023)
Loan provision	No	Yes	No
Complexity	Very easy	Moderate	Easy
Best for	High-income, easy setup	Maximum flexibility	Small businesses with employees

Self-Employed Contribution Examples

Net Self-Employment Income	SEP IRA Max (25%)	Solo 401(k) Max	Difference
$50,000	$12,500	$35,963*	+$23,463
$100,000	$25,000	$48,500*	+$23,500
$150,000	$37,500	$61,000*	+$23,500
$200,000	$50,000	$70,000	+$20,000
$280,000+	$70,000	$70,000	Same

*Solo 401(k) = $23,500 employee + 25% of net SE income as employer contribution.

Account Features Comparison

Flexibility and Access

Feature	401(k)	IRA	Roth IRA	HSA
Loan available	Usually (up to $50,000)	No	No	No
Hardship withdrawal	Yes (with cause)	Yes (with penalty exceptions)	Contributions anytime	For qualified medical expenses
Creditor protection	Federal (ERISA)	State-dependent (up to $1.5M federal in bankruptcy)	Same as IRA	Varies by state
Investment options	Limited to plan choices	Nearly unlimited	Nearly unlimited	Varies by provider
Rollover options	To IRA or new 401(k)	To 401(k) or Roth IRA	To another Roth IRA	To another HSA

Which Accounts to Have at Each Life Stage

Life Stage	Recommended Accounts	Focus
20s (starting career)	401(k) to match + Roth IRA	Roth while in lower brackets
30s (growing income)	401(k) max + Roth IRA + HSA	Tax diversification
40s (peak earning)	Max all available + backdoor Roth	Maximize tax-advantaged space
50s (pre-retirement)	Max all + catch-up contributions	Accelerate savings
60s (transition)	Roth conversions if in lower bracket	Tax-efficient drawdown planning
70s+ (retirement)	RMD management, Roth IRA	Minimize RMD tax impact

Tax Diversification Strategy

Why Have Multiple Account Types

Account Type	Tax Treatment	Role in Retirement
Pre-tax (401(k), traditional IRA)	Taxed on withdrawal	Fill up low tax brackets
Roth (Roth IRA, Roth 401(k))	Tax-free withdrawal	Large expenses without tax impact
HSA	Tax-free for medical	Cover healthcare costs tax-free
Taxable brokerage	Capital gains rates	Flexible access, long-term capital gains rates

Tax-Efficient Withdrawal Example ($80,000/year Needed)

Source	Amount	Tax Impact
Social Security	$25,000	~$0 (85% threshold not reached)
Traditional 401(k)	$23,475	~$2,600 (fills 12% bracket)
Roth IRA	$25,000	$0
HSA (medical expenses)	$6,525	$0
Total income	$80,000	~$2,600 total tax
Effective tax rate	—	3.3%